The Tribal community in India, often referred to as Scheduled Tribes (ST) or Adivasis, have several distinct characteristics that define their way of life.
Definition:
According to D. N. Majumder- "A tribe is a collection of families bearing a common name, members of which occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos regarding marriage, profession or occupation and have developed a well assessed system of reciprocity and mutuality of obligation".
Some of the main characteristics of tribe in India include:
1. Indigenous identity: Tribes in India are considered indigenous or native to the region where they traditionally reside. They have a distinct cultural, social, and linguistic identity that is often different from the mainstream culture of the region.
2. Traditional lifestyle: Tribes in India often have traditional ways of life that are closely connected to their natural environment. They may engage in subsistence farming, hunting, gathering, fishing, or other traditional livelihood practices that are adapted to their local ecology.
3. Close relationship with Nature: Tribes in India often have a deep spiritual and cultural connection with nature. They may have their own indigenous knowledge and practices related to natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, and traditional healing systems.
4. Communal living: Tribes in India often have a strong sense of community and communal living. They may live in close-knit villages or settlements where social relationships and community cohesion play an important role in their daily lives.
5. Definite Common territory: A tribe is a territorial community. It means the group has a definite territory in which its members reside.
6. Oral traditions and folklore: Tribes in India often have rich oral traditions, folklore, and indigenous knowledge systems that are passed down through generations orally. This includes their language, myths, legends, folktales, songs, and traditional practices.
7. Common dialects/language: Tribals in their group speak a common language. This language differs from the language of other communities including nearby tribes.
8. Unique cultural practices: Tribes in India have their own unique cultural practices, including traditional music, dance, art, and craftsmanship. These cultural practices are often closely tied to their social, religious, and economic activities.
9. Common religion: Tribals usually worship a common ancestor and follow one religion. The tribal social and political organizations are based on the religion participation in religious rituals is creating unity of the group.
10. Common culture: Tribes have it's own way of life. They practice a common culture that includes same customs, traditions, morals and rituals. The special features of the tribe develop a distinctive culture.
11. Marginalized status: Tribes in India often face social, economic, and political marginalization. They may experience discrimination, exploitation, and displacement due to various factors such as land alienation, lack of access to education and healthcare, and loss of their traditional livelihoods.
12. Government recognition: Tribes in India are officially recognized and listed by the Government of India under the Scheduled Tribes (ST) category. This recognition entails certain constitutional protections and affirmative action measures, including reserved seats in legislative bodies, education and employment opportunities, and social welfare programs.
It's important to note that the characteristics of tribes in India can vary greatly depending on their specific cultural, social, and geographical context. Tribes in different regions of India may have their own unique customs, traditions, and ways of life that are distinct to their local environment and historical context.
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